Health and Skin Care

  Introduction. It has been discovered that the biofilms formation dates back more than three billion years, founded on the examination of microbial fossils. This demonstrates the ancient adaptation and the ubiquity of biofilm formation. As biofilms can form on biotic or abiotic surfaces, they are associated with a large variety of human infections, which has led to an increased interest in biofilm research. Bacteria and fungi can exist as single, free-floating (planktonic) cells, or as groups of cells called biofilm. A structured consortium of microbial cells surrounded by a self-produced polymer matrix equals a microbial biofilm. In addition to microorganisms, the biofilm matrix may also contain elements from the host, such as fibrin, platelets, or immunoglobulins. Infections caused by biofilms can be either monomicrobial or polymicrobial. Two-thirds of human illnesses are thought to involve biofilms. Gram-positive, gram-negative bac...